Is the Port Authority Helping or Getting in the Way? Essay

The debate continues in Cleveland over the best use of our lakefront. For almost two centuries the lakefront in Cleveland has been mostly industry. Here, like in other cities, we want recreational access to the lakefront. The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority plays a major role in increasing recreational opportunities in downtown Cleveland in two ways: first, it owns a good part of the lakefront (the number one source of land for recreation.); and second, it occupies much of its own land or leases it for industrial purposes. So, therefore, the port authority is one of the major players in the decision of where and how to put recreation along the lakefront. As with anything it is important to understand the past before we can understand the present. I have found a time line dating to 1818 that documents this history. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1818: The first steamboat on Lake Erie arrived in Cleveland. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1828: To improve shipping between the Great Lakes and the Ohio & Erie Canal, a new shipping channel – the current mouth of the Cuyahoga River – was cut to allow the river to flow directly into Lake Erie. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1849: A pier was built at the foot of Water Street (West 9th Street). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1851: The Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad opened the first Cleveland depot on the lakefront at West 9th Street. By 1853, railroads constructed six piers east of the Cuyahoga River. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1852: The first shipment of ore for smelting iron arrived in Cleveland from Marquette. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1870s: Construction of a breakwater began in the 1870s to protect Cleveland’s harbor area. The United States Congress authorized funds for breakwater construction in 1875, 1886, 1896 and 1902. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1912: The New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio Railroad opened an ore dock on fill placed along the lakefront on the north side of Whiskey Island to handle iron ore for Cleveland’s flourishing steel industry. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1913: The East 9th Street pier opened to provide passenger ferry service between Cleveland and Detroit and Buffalo. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1940: The United States Coast Guard Station opened on the eastern end of Whiskey Island at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1959: The St. Lawrence Seaway opened providing access between Great Lakes Ports, including Cleveland, and international markets. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1968: The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority was established to operate Cleveland’s publicly owned lakefront docks. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1970s: The Port Authority purchased land from several entities between the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and West 3rd Street in anticipation of the construction of an ore dock for Republic Steel that ultimately was built in Lorain. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1978: The Port Authority received Foreign Trade Zone designation for part of Dock 20. This federal designation now extends to the entire dock area. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1986: The State of Ohio and the City of Cleveland began construction of a seven acre inner harbor between Dock 32 and East 9th Street. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1998: The Port Authority purchased the ore dock on Whiskey Island from Conrail to ensure the continued availability of ore deliveries at the lowest costs for local steel making operations.1 As you can see our port has a deep rooted history in our community and in our economy. Also, our port has some special features; for instance we have deep water docks allowing us to have large freighters come into our port. Additionally, our port is a destination port in that most of the goods that come in through the port are going somewhere within fifty miles of the dock. Lastly, our Cleveland Bulk Terminal (CBT)2 is amazing in that it has 1850 linear feet of dock with a loop track for ship to rail distribution. A couple of years ago the company removed the giant and obsolete huletts that used to unload the ships into trains, relying now on self-unloading equipment on ships. Trucks are not used because there is no haul road. This summer Oglebay Norton is hoping to bring the automatic loading equipment from the Lorain Pellet Terminal to enable easier re-loading of ships for International Steel Group. Through all of the current turmoil about the port it has been trying to exonerate it’s self and improve its image. The dispute has brought up two alternatives for the port; one is to leave the port as it is and make Whisky Island into a park; the second is to put the section of the port on the east bank of the river on Whisky Island and make the east bank area a park. Both are controversial as there are the Friends of Whisky Island who want the Island to become a park; while the port wants to just exist downtown. Some people believe that the port should go away all together. They don’t realize that the ships bring goods from overseas, and those goods come into the city’s factories, which either package them or make other products from them. Then, the factories ship the products out to be sold, thus, promoting trade and economic growth in the city of Cleveland and the whole country. As I mentioned before, the port is just striving to exist in downtown Cleveland. This is because of the deep water docks I also mentioned earlier the deep water docks are unique on the great lakes and very important to our economy. If the port were to be moved very far from its current locale there could be great expense taken to dredge a new location in an attempt to recreate deep water docks. In the current debate NOACA is the main intermediary; NOACA has set up a team of four city planners, one of which is from the city planning commission and three outside counsels, who have been holding meetings in different neighborhoods that might be affected and are taking in ideas. Many people like the idea to move the port to the west bank and free up land on the east, although it is unlikely. Thus, I can safely conclude, that the port is one of the biggest players in what will happen to our lakefront. It can either move or stay put. Although, it just wants to continue to exist and are continuously embellishing their own cause to make people think they are important. They are really important to recreation and our economy because they own the land and promote trade and economic growth. The port is a necessity and here to stay. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.citizensvision.org/friends-wi/plans/portplan.htm; â€Å"Port Authority Master Plan†; http://planning.city.cleveland.oh.us/lakefront/; â€Å"Lakefront Plan†; http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/ports/portofcleveland.html; â€Å"Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System: Port of Cleveland†; Ehle, Jay C., William D. Ellis, Nancy A. Schneider; Cleveland’s Harbor: The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority; Kent, Ohio and London, England; The Kent State University Press; (c)1996 1 http://urban.csuohio.edu/forum/waterways/portactivites/index.htm 2 The Cleveland Bulk Terminal is operated by Oglebay Norton Terminals Inc.; a division of the Oglebay Norton Company.

Chivalry Codes

Is chivalry dead? Chivalry is a combinations of qualities expected from an â€Å"ideal† knight, in the contemporary times. Some ideas of chivalry include courage, honesty, loyalty, courtesy, and truth. Chivalry was the medieval principles governing knighthood and knightly conduct, if you were a knight; you were expected to follow these rules. But not all knights in the seventeenth century followed these rules honestly or courageously. Some knights dishonored the code, putting their pride above the people they were supposed to serve.If there were dishonest knights in the contemporary times, chivalry in the modern world is indefinitely dead. Generations of dishonesty of corrupted knights from the contemporary times to modern caused the neglection of chivalric duties to collapse. The nature of these fraudulent knights is to put themselves above others, their character influence the young and future knights to be. When Wictred fought with Prince Tristan in the literary work, Trist an & Isolde, his true corrupted side showed as he cheated to defeat the prince. According to the chivalric code, honesty was absent, which shows lost of chivalric regards.Wictred’s way of play reflected off of the younger beings who probably will mock his way of traits and qualities, which begin the chain of deceitful knights and people, each losing more chivalric manners along the way. As more degraded knights ascend the line of modern time, they carry a burden on their shoulders, which is symbolized by chivalry. As careless features begin to arise within the generations of knights, the fewer burdens they want on their shoulders. As time passes on, chivalric codes are decreasing, and soon, dropped forever.

Benefits of Tourism in Singapore

Benefits of Tourism in Singapore 1.0Â   Introduction 1.1 Definition of Tourism industry Tourism refers to the movement of people from different social and cultural background travelling out of their usual environment staying in a different place for business, personal, or professional reasons. These people are commonly referred to as tourist. Their actions in the country they visit affects the local economic market as they carry out their activities, as most of which may require them to spend money thus increasing the expenditure in the local markets which in turns boosts the GDP of the respective country (Media.unwto.org, 2014b). Therefore the tourism industry is formed to cater to the needs and demands of locals and tourists in terms of products and services and is defined as such in this report. 1.2 What does the tourism industry mean to Singapore? As Singapore lacks natural resources, the tourism industry serves as an integral factor that acts as a crucial pillar for the economy of Singapore. It contributes an estimated 4% to the gross domestic product of Singapore and also provides jobs to about 160,000 people. The tourism industry serves to reaffirm Singapore’s position as a global cosmopolitan city that is dynamic, able to cater to the locals’ and tourists’ demands for leisure, entertainment, giving consumers enhanced quality and diversity in terms of leisure creating a wider range of options creating a vibrant living environment that Singaporeans can proudly call home (Stb.gov.sg, 2014). 2.0Â   Economic Impact Analysis Four types of Economic Impacts that Tourism have on the economy 1-Direct contributions Tourism’s direct contributions are results of revenue earned from tourists’ expenditure by businesses like hotels, restaurants, retail outlets, transportation services, cultural / sports and recreational services. 2-Indirect contributions Some of the indirect contributions derive from investment spending from the businesses of the travel and tour ism, Government expenditure in the form of investment to improve or enhance the industries. 3-Induced contributions The direct and indirect employees involved in this sector then in turn contributes to the consumption by spending their wages on food and beverages, recreational activities, clothes, housing and household goods. 4-Total contributions Therefore the total contributions from the direct, indirect and induced contributions will in turn affect the GDP and the employment rate as they affect various factors of the GDP equation which also affects the production rate thus increasing the GDP and employment rate in a situation when there is an increase in revenue and demand from tourist and with certis paribus assumed. 2.1 Contributions to Singapore’s GDP The latest press release by UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, shows that expenditure receipts international visitors spent on food and beverages, services, entertainment, accommodations and much more totaled up to an estima ted SGD$ 1,455 billion during 2013. And that the growth rate of receipts experienced a 5% increase from 1035 million during 2012 to 1087 million during 2013(Media.unwto.org, 2014a). According to an economic report by Singapore’s Travel and Tourism Economic Impact report 2014, in 2013 travel and tourism’s direct contribution to Singapore’s GDP was SGD$ 19.1 billion (5.3% of total GDP) Singapore’s GDP. Its GDP contributions in 2014 is expected to experience a 5.8% increase, and also to experience a 3.4% increase per annum, as of 2014-2024, to SGDS$ 28.3 billion as of totaling a 5.3% of the total GDP in 2024 (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2014).

Compare and contrast the ideas about human nature in two theorists Essay

Compare and contrast the ideas about human nature in two theorists Hobbes and Locke - Essay Example Hobbes did not share the recognized assumption that man was a social animal by his nature claiming that society could not exist without the power of the state and proper government. Instead, he argued that motivation and particularly self-interest was the central factor that affected behaviour of human beings (Leviathan I 13). Although Hobbes developed a sophisticated system of such motives that included courage, honor, pity, compassion, and other, he strongly believed that self-interest played the key role while the other motives should be treated as supplementary or secondary. Premising from these assumptions, Hobbes developed his famous justification of morality based on self-interested actions (Leviathan I 6). Modern form of this theory, known as 'ethical egoism', postulates that a self-interested action should be regarded as a standard of good (Rachels, 2008). John Locke who had the religious sentiment Hobbes apparently lacked proceeded from the assumption of God's creation of man and, therefore, believed in the natural freedom of human being that included the right to pursue life, health, and property. Also Locke argued that human beings are social animal by nature and societies emerged as a result of the rational efforts of humans taken to protect themselves from adversities of living in the 'state of nature' (Locke, 1990). In other words, Locke believed that humans their natural state mostly kept their promises and obligations, while Hobbes denied any organization in the 'natural' society of men claiming that fear and self-interest were the primary motivators of human behavior. The dissimilarity of human nature views advocated by the two thinkers can further be illustrated by their treatment of political authority and modern nation-state. Legitimacy of authority is one of the fundamental questions in political philosophy. There are multiple issues and controversies involved in this major problem including the meaning of political authority, the distinction between political authority and political power, moral and legal aspects of political authority, and many others. Majority of contemporary political theorists consider that the state has authority in the descriptive sense. This means that the state maintains public order via creating rules and issuing commands that subjects generally obey due to the dominant belief that the state has authority to do so (Hart 1961). Locke and Hobbes explain the origins of such belief in entirely different ways. According to Thomas Hobbes, in prehistoric uncivilized times before any sort of government emerged, there was constant war with "every man, against every man" (Hobbes, 1668, p.12). Consequently, Hobbesian justification of authority logically followed from the total brutality of human beings in their natural state characterized by intolerance: submission to authority was the only way to eliminate the brutality and intolerance of the State of Nature (Hobbes, 1668). By contrast, John Locke believed that the original state of man was not as hostile as Hobbes thought. In Locke's opinion happiness, reason and tolerance were the core characteristics of the natural man, and all humans, in their original state, were equal and absolutely free to pursue things, considered as indisputable rights, namely "life, health, liberty and possessions"

History of group therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of group therapy - Research Paper Example Individuals in the group therapy have the advantage of using both the therapist as well as the other member of the group to share the problems that one has and attempts to find a solution to them. This is particularly because the members in each group are at different levels of coping with the situational difficulties and are doing so at different rates as well. When an individual observes how the others in the group cope with sufferings that they undergo, they gain hope and inspiration of enduring and overcoming the hardships. The use of group therapy emerged because of a feeling by several psychologists that many problems that individual faced in their daily undertakings were social in nature. Patients suffering from a similar disease were encouraged to group together to provide each other with mutual support. Such groups developed into social work groups at different social centers. These would later develop into the present support group by different development agencies. Managin g post-traumatic stress disorders Human beings have a unique nature when it comes to handling personal issues. One common scenario that is witnessed in any emerging therapy group is that every new member feels isolated and completely different from the others in the group. These beginners have a problem in developing good relations with the others in the group and that spirit of love is completely withdrawn from them. However, if the group therapy is effectively carried out, such emotions can be completely drained from the minds of these individuals. An effective group therapy will enable these individuals to understand that they are not very different from the others and that they are not actually desperate and lonely, as they believe. The abuses to which females are subjected during their childhood and at adult age do have along-term impact on their psychosocial development. Those who have had childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual assault often exhibit different kinds of psychia tric problems that are believed to be associated to these assaults. Posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) refer to the overall effect of both childhood and adult sexual distress that are believed to cause the psychiatric problems seen in such females. The situation results in poor regulation, attention, relations with others, as well as how one understands oneself. The condition is hard to manage owing to its complexity and the long period before a treatment is provided after the sexual abuse. It is because of the complexity in the kind of healthcare that these individuals need that use of group therapy ha been adopted. However, some clinicians propose that the group therapy be conducted only after an individual therapy. Armstrong and Rose (1997) carried out an investigation on how group psychotherapy could be effective in managing the posttraumatic disorders that affect members of a family (p1). They observed that therapy enables women to perceive their roles in the societal contex t. It was also observed that the females that were adopting the so-called feminist principles carried on well with their marital partners. It enabled them to remove the traditional perception on their roles in the society thereby promoting an unrestricted relationship (Armstrong & Rose 1997, p5). Group therapy involves the provision of

The political party of WEST VIRGINIA (USA) Essay

The political party of WEST VIRGINIA (USA) - Essay Example The present political system of the state has been identified to have a major bearing upon the development of its socioeconomic position within the global context (Golder Associates Inc, â€Å"East Lynn Lake Coal Lease Socioeconomic Baseline Assessment and Socioeconomic Impact Analysis†). PART 1 In relation to the geographical background, West Virginia is located in the Southern region of the US and surrounded by Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky and Maryland. With abundance of valuable resources to suffice the developmental needs of the state, the state has been able to grasp the attention of other neighboring states and territories within the US. From a historical perspective, the socioeconomic condition of West Virginia has long been witnessed to endure various difficulties and challenges with regard to the development of its demographics, income levels and employment statistics. Moreover, the population trends of the state can also be duly considered as one of the maj or and growing concerns towards the development of its economy. In relation to the socioeconomic development, the political conditions within the state can be recognized as more fragile in comparison to other US states. According to the present statistics, it can be apparently observed that a majority of the population, i.e. 90% are the Non-Hispanic Whites. Moreover, the present income level of the population has also been identified to face radical changes as compared to other US states. The per capita personal income of the population has been witnessed to prevail under the average income level of the other US states. West Virginia is presently standing at 50th position in respect to its economic stance in the US, which represents a slower movement of income level amid the population (Golder Associates Inc, â€Å"East Lynn Lake Coal Lease Socioeconomic Baseline Assessment and Socioeconomic Impact Analysis†). The cultural background of West Virginia demonstrates the prevalen ce of friendly and helpful environment and the maintenance of a realistic culture that eventually attracts the attention of the global population (Barker, A Study of West Virginia Values and Culture†). PART 2 The most powerful political party in West Virginia can be viewed as the Democratic Party amid the other existing political parties within the state. Primarily, the political environment of the state consists of four independent political parties including Democratic, Libertarian, Mountain and Republican. Although the Republican Party proceeded over the origin of West Virginia, the Democratic Party has been leading the state from the last few decades with efficiency. This Democratic Party is regarded as the most renowned party in West Virginia because of its striving performance in satisfying the developmental needs of the state, rather than rendering prime focus on mitigating the influence of other political parties within the state. With regard to determine the political system efficacy of West Virginia, the Governor of the state can be viewed as the primary figure of the entire political system, irrespective of partisan affiliation (Brisbin 136-148). The US and the State legislature of the Democratic Party has been currently comprising 20 Governor Political Affiliations, 19 State Senate Majority Affiliations along with 22 State House Majority Affiliations and 22 State Attorney General Political Affilia

Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence Assignment

Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence - Assignment Example categories; the first category is leadership which examines senior leadership, how they lead, communicate with the workers, motivate the workforce and how their actions and decisions affect the overall performance of the organization. It also examines governance and social responsibilities that is; how the organization determines and sustains legal and ethical behavior and the execution of the organizations social responsibilities. The second category strategic leadership examines the organization’s strategy development, factors influencing strategy, strategy objectives and strategy implementation. Thirdly, customer focus examines how the organization relates to its customers. It involves evaluating the customer listening of both existing and potential customers, customer satisfaction and engagement as an organization and in comparison with competitors as well as customer dissatisfaction. It also looks at how the organization involves its customers in their business in order to better address their needs and build sustainable relationships. Fourth we have measurement analysis which evaluates the organization’s collection, analysis and management of data to achieve its goals. Such data includes, performance measurements, analysis and reviews and the use of other external information and resources to the organizations advantage. The fifth category work force focus examines the organization’s ability to employ its workforce to its optimum capability and capacity to attain its goals. The next category operations focus evaluates the organizations designs as well as manages and improves its work systems and processes to ensure the organization delivers to its customers. The final category result evaluates the results of all the previous categories in relation to the organizations goals. It reflects the outcomes whether the application of the six categories to the organization (Baldrige Perfomance Excellence Program, 2011-2012). The Baldridge criteria have been

Paraphrase the paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paraphrase the paper - Essay Example r important aspect of human trafficking is the technique use, for instance trafficking can be done through threats and force, where one is taken without his or her consent. Abduction and deception could also be other techniques (UNHCR 2). The intention behind the trafficking is the third aspect of human trafficking. This entails the main agenda behind act of trafficking, for instance it could be for slavery purposes. The final aspect of human trafficking is the outcome of the act, for example, death of the victims, or arrest of the offenders by authority. Slave trade is the business of selling human slaves form by one owner to the other. Slavery was mainly on the basis of racism and discrimination. The culture of the slave trade consists of a couple of aspects. The first aspect of the slave trade culture is brutality. The owners of the slaves did not care that slaves were human, and; thus, treated them in a brutal manner. The second aspect is cruelty, where the slaves were treated in ways that were cruel and undignified way. The third aspect is exploitation. The slave owners exploited the services of the slaves and did not offer payment for their labor. Dehumanization of the slaves was another aspect. The treatment of the slaves by the owners was inhuman, for example, the slaves were beaten and forced to work without rest. The final aspect is the treatment of slaves as goods; where slaves were sold form one owner to another just like goods are sold (UNHCR 2). Everyone has a right, According to Amnesty international and other bodies of human rights. However, slavery violates some of these rights in relation to the documentary sex slave. For instance, right to movement, right to make one’s own decisions, rights to speech, right to own property, and the right to dignity. There are ways by which the state determines a citizen legally. Birth is one fundamental way the state uses, where a person is legally considered a citizen of a State if he or she is born in the

Public precurement and (ppt) + (ppp) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public precurement and (ppt) + (ppp) - Essay Example The public department just makes monthly repayments for capital utilized and bears the on-going service costs. The major objective of PFI is to increase efficient delivery of public services and transfer risk to the private enterprises. But currently, it has come under lot of controversy for excessive payments, bribery, corruption and poor value for money. The paper would analyse PFI for managerial effectiveness, operational efficiency and cost effectiveness for public service delivery and asses its viability for best value for money. Analysis Public sector is showing significant shift in its operational areas towards privatization regarding public procurements of works, goods and services with emphasis on cost saving and increasing efficiency. The concept had originated in the developed nations which were getting concerned with large amounts of spending from the public funds for public utility services. It had led to frequent cases of irregularities related to public funding includi ng lack of commitment, transparency and efficiency issues (OECD, 2007). The reforms therefore had become necessary. An effective public procurement through PFI was a good option especially when relationship is forged through fair and competitive auction –bidding (Audit commission, 2001). ... PFI is improved form of public procurement system because of its unique framework as public private partnership. Moreover, private finance is sought within the realms of a public environment, processed by a series of state defined legal, administrative, political, and management networks. Like private sector, it ensures that the procurement of goods, services and works is optimally efficient and effective, and results in best value for money (Deloitte, 2009). But it differs from the private sector in the sense that it is not profit oriented. Indeed, these emerge as vital issues that require constant monitoring, regulation, and audit to keep the process corruption free. In the traditional procurement system, the spending department or body finalizes the project and budget and thereafter sends proposal to the treasury for loan (Whitfield, 2001). After approval the department gets the long term loan at very low interest rates as they are perceived to be low risk borrowers with governmen t not expecting to fail or default in its repayments (Grout, 1997). The loan sanction for the project is a long drawn process that each public department has to follow for any proposed work in the public area. Apart from the highly fractious procedures of finance, the operation, management and risks are hugely critical elements that become difficult to manage in the long run with the same efficiency and quality (Hood et al., 2006). Indeed, the changing socio-economic and political environment makes the various projects quite risky. Most importantly, getting the state treasuries to fund the various public projects would a massive burden on it and which could

Cultural issues facing Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural issues facing Starbucks - Essay Example The socio religious paradigms are important factors that compel the businesses to adapt to new value system of the country of operation. Cyprus is emerging economy and UK is a developed economy that is significant in its increasing changing pattern of multicultural societies with gender equality as major facilitator. The Starbucks outlets in these countries cater to the public in similar manner irrespective of gender, religion, culture or nationality. But in Saudi Arabia, the company’s outlets are divided into separate segment that are designed to cater separately to single males and family units. This is primarily because Saudi Arabia is prominent country of the South East Asia with Islamic culture where single males are not allowed to mix with single women. Thus, separate family unit section in Starbucks allows women to come alone or with friends and family to enjoy coffee. Indeed gender inequality is major difference for changes in format for Starbucks outlet in Saudi Arabi a and other non Islamic countries. Another very important aspect that one experiences is that there are no natives working in Starbucks outlet in Saudi Arabia. In Cyprus and UK, the Starbucks is conscious about diversity and ensures that it employs people from across race, gender, culture and nations.

Pressure Sores Essay Example for Free

Pressure Sores Essay The basic philosophy of palliative care is to achieve the best quality of life for patients even when their illness cannot be cured. Palliative care is provided through comprehensive management of the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs of patients, while remaining sensitive to their personal, cultural, and religious values and beliefs. Hospital palliative care services are often provided through an interdisciplinary team of health care professionals including, but not limited to: Doctors, Nurses, Healthcare Assistants, Psychologists, Social Workers, and Priests. FATIGUE Fatigue is a common, distressing and debilitating symptom experienced by people with cancer. In those receiving palliative care it is probably the most frequently reported symptom and is experienced by more than 90 per cent of these patient. However, it represents the most commonly unrelieved cancer symptom. Cancer related fatigue can have a number of factors that can be difficult to establish, however despite these problems advancing research will help to promote the problem as a palliative care symptom that can be assessed and managed. In patients with advanced cancer, the prevalence rates of various symptoms are approximately as follows Pain 89% Fatigue 69% Weakness 66% Anorexia 66% Lack of energy 61% Nausea 60% Dry mouth 57% Constipation 52% Dyspnoea 50% Vomiting 30%. (Donnelly 1995) Defining Cancer-Related Fatigue Cancer-related fatigue is a complex phenomenon with physical, cognitive and affective methods of expression. A clear understanding of what it means is essential before it can be assessed and managed, or healthcare Assistants are able to discuss it with patients and colleagues. After exploring fatigue from the perspective of patients, Ream (1996) derived the following definition: a subjective, unpleasant symptom which incorporates feelings ranging from tiredness to exhaustion, creating an unrelenting overall condition which interferes with individual’s ability to function to their normal Causes and effects. The causes of cancer-related fatigue is still unknown, and lack of success in treating it at the end of life stage is in part due to this lack of knowledge. Quality of life is related to symptoms, functioning, and psychological and social well-being, while during end-of-life care, spirituality is a major issue, patients become too tired to participate fully in their roles an d activities that make life meaningful, fatigue therefore significantly affects their quality of life. Patients/Family Perceptions One of the barriers to treating fatigue at the end of life may be patients, families and Doctors perception of it as an unavoidable, untreatable symptom (Johnson, 2004).Many people experience fatigue, but studies have shown that fatigue experienced by patients with cancer is more rapid in onset, more energy-draining, more intense, longer-lasting, more severe and more unrelenting when compared with typical fatigue. Advance care planning and establishing goals of care are essential because they enhance the control patients have over their care and assure autonomy if the patient is unable to communicate their wishes or make decisions at later stages of illness. Patients want a voice in their healthcare, they want to know what to expect and how to plan for their treatment and their future. Establishing goals early on for current and future healthcare helps to avoid future unnecessary harm and inappropriate prolongation of dying. It is well recognized that interventions focused on curing dying patients result in increased suffering, with little or no benefit for the patient. This suffering may even extend beyond the patient. Nurses also struggle ethically and emotionally when care for dying patients is focused on technology rather than on comfort and quality of life. In addition, twenty-per cent of patients relatives develop a physical illness in response to the stress of coping with their loved on es poor health. Treating Underlying Causes Before a patients fatigue is simply attributed to the cancer it is important to identify and treat easily reversible underlying physiological and psychological causes of fatigue. For example, this may involve reducing non-essential medications, treating infections, correcting hypercalcaemia and electrolyte disorders or treating pain, depression, sleep disorders or anaemia .A link between fatigue, sleep and anxiety can be readily identified, and the approach to management is a general one. In palliative care, efforts are directed at alleviating symptoms, as well as toward preventing or treating the underlying cause when that is possible interventions should begin with the promotion of sensitive communication, giving patients the opportunity to discuss their fatigue in the context of living with a terminal illness and its impact on their lives , found that enabling patients to talk about their fatigue both facilitated professional assessment and helped them to explore the meaning of th e cancer and fatigue experience for themselves, and for their family and friends. This can help patients regain a sense of control and freedom to focus on other important aspects of their lives, so restoring their self-esteem .Patient and family education can be of great value in understanding cancer-related fatigue. Family members may interpret fatigue as a sign that the patient is giving up, when it is actually beyond her or his control. Complementary medicine embodies the principles of palliative care by helping to ease the physical, psychosocial, and spiritual effects of illness. It aims to control symptoms and to enhance quality of life for patients and their families. Relaxation, visualisation, massage and aromatherapy are currently being evaluated as part of a global intervention known as Beating Fatigue. There is already evidence of the beneficial effect of massage and aromatherapy on depression and other symptoms including fatigue. CONCLUSIONS/EVALUATIONS Whilst undertaking this assignment certain words keep coming to mind. Words like empathy, caring, stress, burnout, teamwork many more but I have learned to respect all patients, promote dignity, to be a better team player be confident in my abilities, but mostly I have realised that to further a career in any area of palliative care will require more training, more understanding of different patients conditions and there requirements on a daily basis and to be more conscience of the responsibilities of healthcare assistants when caring for all patients. As said previously I will seek further training in this area not only to be of greater benefit to the patients but also to seek training in some form of grief counselling to be of greater assistance to relatives and friends of patients, to empathise more and to just be able to listen when needed. Despite the high prevalence of cancer-related fatigue among patients in palliative care, its treatment is less successful than treatment for other symptoms at the end of life. The causes of fatigue in patients with advanced cancer are often unclear, multiple factors may be responsible and little is known about its causes. The specific goals of palliative care are to improve the quality of the last stages of patient’s lives, control symptoms, and provide support to family members and to pay attention to patient’s perceptions of purpose and meaning of life. The experience of cancer-related fatigue has a major impact on patient’s motivation as it means they are unable to undertake physical activities and that they lose interest in activities and life in general. Although it is difficult to conduct research on patients who are highly distressed, have severe symptoms or who are dying, there is the potential for such research to have a therapeutic benefit for those taking part. Providing patients with cancer an opportunity to discuss their feelings associated with symptoms such as fatigue provides information necessary to develop professional understanding and can also help patients to make sense or come to terms with their condition. Future research should focus on determining effective solutions including alternative and complementary therapies rather than on reassessing need. More focused fatigue assessment tools and targeted fatigue interventions for patients at the end of life are required, as is training in fatigue management so that healthcare assistants are more knowledgeable and skilled in assessing and managing fatigue. By understanding the physical, psychosocial and emotional needs of an individuals experience of advanced cancer, palliative care research demonstrates that health professionals can help patients to adapt to living with cancer-related fatigue. Such intervention can empower patients to maintain control over decisions relating to their care and can assist them to understand and find meaning in their fatigue. REFERENCES Donnelly S, Walsh D.(1995) The symptoms of advanced cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22(2 suppl 3):67–72. Johnson, C. (1992). Coping with compassion fatigue. Nursing, 22(4), 116, 118-120. Ream E. (2007) Fatigue in patients Nursing Stand.2007: 21(28)49-56

Barriers for Adopting Electronic Health Records (Ehrs) by Physicians Essay Example for Free

Barriers for Adopting Electronic Health Records (Ehrs) by Physicians Essay Barriers for Adopting Electronic Health Records (EHRs) by Physicians Introduction In the article, â€Å"Barriers for Adopting Electronic Health Records (EHRs) by Physicians,† researchers analyze the resistance associated with adoption of EHR systems by U.S. physicians. Current research supports the notion that electronic health records are not vastly supported in the U.S., especially in comparison to other countries. According to researchers at the Weill Cornell Medical College, â€Å"Doctors who go digital do appear to provide significantly better health care† (Nordqvist, 2012). While there are many productivity concerns around implementing a new system, this article explains why physicians are resistant to the adoption of EHRs and how those oppositions can affect the system. Analysis of Key Issues In 2012 approximately 72 percent of office-based physicians had adopted any HER system and 40 percent had adopted basic EHR systems (King, Patel, Furukawa, 2012). While there are a myriad of issues associated with the adoption of EHRs nationwide, some of the most prevalent are miscommunication, misinformation and misinterpretation. Physicians are apprehensive about the level error that could prevail with using EHRs. Joseph Conn found that, â€Å"an alarming number of clinicians are anecdotally reporting a substantial increase in the incidence of wrong order/wrong patient errors wile using the computerized physician order entry component of information systems† (2013). Clearly physician resistance to EHRs is directly related to the safety of patients as an increased predisposition for error is being revealed. Conversely, EHRs can be equally superior as they can also contribute more accuracy to the healthcare infrastructure. The Missouri Health Connection shared that EHRs can pr ovide health records universally, â€Å"improving the coordination and continuity of care and promoting informed decision making† amongst many other things (n.d.). Findings Based on the results from the study there are 20 reasons that physicians are resistant to the adoption of EHRs; stemming from cost to doctor-patient relationship. With all the viable concerns that physicians have, they  remain resistant and the acceptance rate is still low. Personal Assessment The evolution of EHRs and its impact on Obamacare and the overall healthcare system is pioneering. Obamacare is based on the perception that health care in the U.S. is more expensive than any other industrial nation because the incentive configuration is inadequate. Ideally, the government would like for Medicaid and Medicare patients to be consistently healthy and otherwise reimburse the physicians for keeping them healthy. However, for this to work the government needs instant access to patient records. With this access the government can eliminate reimbursement solely on test and procedures but incentivize for health results. While EHRs are beneficial for physicians they are equally beneficial for patients. The ability to walk into any healthcare facility and the physician have access to your medical history is substantial. As it relates to someone with health complications, this can minimize the risk of misdiagnosis or allergic reaction. Deuteronomy 15: 7-8 says, â€Å"If there be among you a poor man of one of thy bretheren within any of thy gates in thy land which the Lord thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother: But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth† (KJV). As Obamacare seems to favor those who are less fortunate or helps those who need healthcare, there is a need to support this agenda. No one should go without health insurance and there are an alarming number of citizens without it today. References Conn, J. (2013). HER systems pose serious concerns, reports says. Modern Healthcare. Retrieved from www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20130624/NEWS/306249952. King, J., Patel, V., Furukawa, M.F. (2012). Physician adoption of electronic health record technology to meet meaningful use objectives: 2009-2012. ONC Data Brief. Retrieved from www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/onc-data-brief-7-december-2012.pdf Nordqvist, C. (2012). Electronic health records linked to much better quality care. Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/251633.php.

Compromised Resin Bond Strength After Enamel Bleaching

Compromised Resin Bond Strength After Enamel Bleaching EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ANTIOXIDANTS ON REVERSING COMPROMISED RESIN BOND STRENGTH AFTER ENAMEL BLEACHING: AN IN VITRO STUDY ABSTRACT Over years, one of the most frequent complaints that patients present with is that of stained teeth. With the advent of straightforward and fast procedures the craze for smile makeovers has risen. Bleaching is the most conservative treatment for discolored teeth compared with other treatments, such as veneers or crowns. Among the various undesirable effects of bleaching is the post treatment compromised enamel bond strength. The waiting period for bonding procedure after bleaching has been reported to vary from 24hrs to 4weeks. To overcome this delay in bonding, several antioxidant agents like 10% sodium ascorbatewith different application times after the bleaching procedure have been used. Hence, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects and efficacy of 10% sodium ascorbate solution, 10%ÃŽ ±-Tocopherol solution, 10% grape seed extract solution and 10% guava seed extract solution on the bond strength between composite resin and bleached enamel after 1 0 minutes and 120 minutes of application. INTRODUCTION Discoloredteeth is a common problem affecting people of various ages. Etiology is multifactorial and different surfaces of tooth can take different stains. With the advent in esthetic dentistry, simple fast in-office and at home bleaching procedures have become effective and popular.1To state in layman’s words the term ‘in office bleaching’means bleaching techniques that are carried out in office. The demand of this technique has increased because of various advantages like: reduction in total treatment timeandgreater potential for immediate results that may enhance patient satisfaction and motivation. It utilizes a gel or liquid of hydrogen peroxide (35-38%) or carbamide peroxide(35%).2 The disadvantages associated with hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent include hypersensitivity and gingival irritation, reduced enamel microhardness andmicromorphological defects due to demineralization.4,5In addition, hydrogen and carbamide peroxide effect the bonding of enamel and dentin tissues when restorations are applied immediately after bleaching treatment.8 Various techniques have been proposed to resolve the clinical problems related to post bleaching compromised bond strength.Barghi and Godwin10 treated bleached enamel with alcohol before restoration,Cvitko and others11 proposed removal of the superficial layer of enamel, Sung etal12 suggested the use of the adhesives containing organic solvents. However, the general approach is to postpone any bonding procedure for a period from 4 daysto 4 weeks.13 To overcome this delay in bonding, application of various antioxidant agents like 10% sodium ascorbate, Vitamin E and Proanthocyanidins after the bleaching procedure have been proposed.14Vitamin E(ÃŽ ±-Tocopherol), acts as peroxyl radical scavenger and prevents the propagation of free radicals in tissues by reacting with them to form a tocopherol radical. This radical is then oxidized by a hydrogen donor and thus returned to its reduced state.15OligomericProanthocyanidins Complexes (OPC) are high molecular weight molecules consisting of monomeric flavan-3-ol cathechin and epicathechin. They are found in high concentrations in natural sources such as grapes, guavas, lemon tree bark and cranberries. It is a naturally occurringmetabolite and has been proven to be safe as an antioxidant in various clinical and dietary supplements. Although studies have shown the efficacy of sodium ascorbate9 and grape seed extract16 in reversal of reduced bond strength to bleached enamel, there is still a paucity of research onvitaminE(ÃŽ ±-Tocopherol) and proanthocyanidines derived from other fruits like guava as viable alternatives to sodium ascorbate. Moreover, studies have reported incongruous findings with concerns to absolute reversal of bond strength to base line levels after 10 minutes of application.17,18Therefore, increase in time of application and varying the concentration of antioxidants to neutralize the residual oxygen is warranted. Hence, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects and efficacy of 10% sodium ascorbate solution, 10%ÃŽ ±-Tocopherol solution, 10% grape seed extract solution and 10% guava seed extract solution on the bond strength between composite resin and bleached enamel after 10 minutes and 120 minutes. The null hypothesis tested was that there is no difference in bond strength reduction reversal after application of different antioxidants for different application times after bleaching. MATERIALS AND METHOD Eighty freshly extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors extracted for periodontal reasons were collected and rinsed in 0.9% unbuffered saline. Labial surfaces of these teeth were flattened with 600 grit silicon carbide paper roots were embedded in acrylic resin block so that only the coronal portion was exposed. Individual moulds of tooth colouredself cure resin were prepared over the specimens. Modelling wax was used as a separator, so as to block the undercuts and also to provide space for antioxidant solution on the labial surface of the specimens. A customised cylindrical silver mould of 3mm diameter and 5mm height was also fabricated. For preparation of 10% antioxidant solutions, 10 gmsodium ascorbate powder(sd fine cHEM Limited, Mumbai)and 10 gmgrape seed extract powder(Biovea, USA) were dissolved in100ml of distilled water.For preparation of 10% alpha tocopherol, 10 ml alpha tocopherol(sd finecHEM Limited, Mumbai) was dissolved in 100 ml of ethyl alcohol. Soxhlet extraction method was used for the preparation of10% guava seed extract.40 gm of guava seedswere placed inside a thimble made from thick filter paper, which was loaded intothe main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The Soxhlet extractor was placed onto a flask containing 40 ml of ethyl alcohol as extraction solvent. The Soxhlet was then equippedwith a condenser. The solvent was heated to reflux. The chamber containing the solid material was slowly filled with warm solvent. When the Soxhlet chamber was almost full, the chamber was automaticallyemptied by a siphon side arm, with the solvent running back down to thedistillation flask. This cycle was repeated many times, over 5 hours.During each cycle, a portion of the non-volatile compound dissolved in thesolvent. After many cycles the desired compound was concentrated in thedistillation flask. After extraction, the solvent was removed, by means of a rotaryevaporator, 10 ml of this extract was then dissolved in 100 ml of distill ed water to make 10 % guava seed extract solution. Labial surfaces of seventy two specimens were bleached with Pola office one patient kit (SDI, Victoria, Autralia) according to manufacturer instructions. The gel was then completely rinsed off with water. These specimens were divided into five experimental groups and control group: Group I(n=16)treated with 10% sodium ascorbate solution Group II(n=16)treated with10% alpha tocopherol solution Group III(n=16)treated with10% grape seed extract solution Group IV(n=16)treatedwith 10% guava seed extract solution Group V(n=8)treated with no antioxidant solution Group VI(n=8)Control (unbleached specimens) Based on application period of antioxidants, groups I-IV were further subdivided as: Subgroup A(n=8)Antioxidant treatmentfor 10 minutesimmediately afterbleaching Subgroup B(n=8)Antioxidant treatment for 120 minutesimmediately afterbleaching The antioxidant solutions were refreshed after every 10 minutes in subgroup B. Specimens were then rinsed with water. Groups V VI did not receive any antioxidant treatment. Labial surfaces of all specimens of Subgroup A and B (Group I-IV), Group V and Group VI were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, followed by rinsing with water for 20 seconds. Bonding agent (Adper single bond) was then applied and light cured for 20 seconds.Customised cylindrical silver mould was placed on the labial surface of each specimen and composite resin (Filtek Z 350 XT) was then placed in three increments so as to have a final build up of 3mm diameter and 5mm height. All specimens after composite build up were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and shear bond strength (SBS) testing was done using Universal Testing Machine (Banbros Engineering Pvt Ltd) at across head speed of 1mm per minute. Data was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS Table 1: Mean Shear bond strength (MPa) in samples of Group I- IV The mean value for samples after bleaching and without application of any antioxidant agent (Group V) was 43.63 MPa. The mean value for samples in Group VI was 77.75 MPa. Bond strength of Subgroup IB (74.13+2.95) was found to be significantly higher (p+2.75). Bond strength of Subgroup IIB (75.88+3.04 units) was found to be higher than that of Subgroup IIA (55.13+1.81 units) and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p Bond strength of Subgroup IIB (76.75+1.75 units) was found to be higher than Subgroup IIA (64.75+2.12 units) and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p Though bond strength of Subgroup IVB (77.00+2.67 units) was found to be higher than that of Subgroup IVA (74.63+2.45 units) but this difference was not found to be statistically significant. Table 2: Analysis of variance in subgroup A Analysis of variance and box plot thereafter revealed statistically significant intergroup differences (p Table 3: Analysis of variance in subgroup B Analysis of variance and box plot thereafter revealed statistically significant intergroup differences (p Graph 1: Intra group Bond strength of different groups DISCUSSION Bleaching treatment focuses on the use of certain types of oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide and sodium perborate, which, when decompose into free radicals initiate the bleaching reaction on dental tissues. The free radicals released, oxidize the pigments and coloring matters impregnated in the dental tissue; breaking the large aromatic chains of the darker coloring pigments and transforming into slightly lighter unsaturated linear chains. As the oxidizing process continues, these chains are converted into even lighter saturated linear chains, thus making the teeth whiter.52 However bleaching affects the tooth at structural and functional level.53 Previous studies have shown that the use of hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide containing bleaching agents adversely affects the bond strength of resin composites to acid etched enamel when bonding is performed immediately after bleaching procedure.54,55,56 This problem is more significant when the desired results or esthetics after bleaching might not be achieved and the patient may wish for additional esthetic options like direct and indirect veneers or full coverage restorations.However studies also point out that this reduction in bond strength is temporary and the original bond strength values are achieved within 1-2 weeks in oral environment.19,22,56,57 Various methods have been proposed for reversal of reduced bond strength54,55,56,12immediately after the bleaching procedure.Kaya et al56, Han et al50 andThapa et al58 found that compromised bonding to acid etched bleached enamel and dentin can be reversed with sodium ascorbate.50,54,56 Ascorbic acid and its sodium salts are potent antioxidants that are capable of quenching reactive free radicals in biological systems.10 Alpha tocopherolallow free-radical polymerization of the adhesive resin to proceed without premature termination by restoring the altered redox potential of the oxidized bonding substrate and improves resin bonding.17 Proanthocyanidins are high-molecular-weight polymers comprising of monomeric flavan-3-ol (+)catechin and (−)epicathechins. In vitro studies have confirmed that OPCs are 50 times more effective than vitamin E and 20 times more powerful than vitamin C.48 To our knowledge, guava seed extract has not been studied as antioxidant to reverse the reduced bond strength after bleaching. Moreover,there is no specific recommendation with regards to application time of antioxidants. As the role of application time in complete reversal of reduced bond strength has not been extensively studied, the current study was carried out with the aim of evaluating and comparing the effects of guava seed extract,grape seed extract, sodium ascorbate and alpha tocopoherolin reversal of bond strength between bleached enamel and composite resin after 10 minutes and 120 minutes of application. Since, the protocol tested in the current study compared the antioxidant preparations in solution form, individual resin moulds were prepared for adequate contact of antioxidants with labial surface of the specimens. In clinical scenario, mould can be substituted by customized trays which can be worn by the patient in the desired area for appropriate time. To standardize the concentration of the antioxidants, 10% concentration was used in the present study, and also the previous studies have suggested that the application of 10% sodium ascorbate waseffective in reversing the compromised bonding to theoxidized enamel and dentin.61,64,33 Sodium ascorbate and alpha tocopherol solutions were prepared from the powder supplied but guava seed extract was prepared from seeds of white guava using soxhlet extraction method. The advantage of soxhlet extraction is that instead of manyportions of warm solvent being passed through the sample,just one batch of solvent is recycled and after extraction, the solvent is removed by means of a rotaryevaporator, yielding the extracted compound. The non-soluble portion of the extracted solid remains in the thimble, and is discarded.36 Kaya AD14 and Dabaset al62 determined the most effective time duration for the application ofsodium ascorbate to be 10 minutes. The authors also concluded that as the application period of the antioxidant increased, the bond strength of the composite on enamel tissue also increasedtill 120 minutes.14 In order to determine the fruition time for reversing the reduced bond strength, two application time periods for antioxidants that is 10 minutes and 120 minutes were choosen for the current study. Subgroup A samples received antioxidant treatment for 10 minutes and subgroup B samples for 120 minutes. The antioxidants were refreshed after every 10 minutes when applied for 120 minutes. The most frequently ignored guideline in the test protocol is following the ISO/TS 11405 specification (2003) i.e.‘a limitation of the bonding area is important’66,so to standardize the dimensions of composite cylinders which were fabricated over the labial surface of the specimens after the antioxidant treatment, preformed mold of silver with 3mm internal diameter and 5mm height was made. This silver mold was then placed over the individual specimens to build up the composite cylinders. The shear bond strength was evaluated using universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min as described in previous studies.15,17,19 The mean shear bond strength of Group VI (control) was 77.75 MPa and of Group Vwas 43.63MPa. This observation is in accordance with the results of other studies in the literature.68,69Many reasons have been proposed for reduction in bond strength after bleaching.71Lai et al54 stated that reduction in resin enamel bond strength to bleached etched enamel is likely to be caused by a delayed release of oxygen that affects the polymerization of resin components. Also Rueggeberg and Margeson70 proposed that release of oxygen, could either interfere with resin infiltration into etched enamel or inhibit polymerization of resins that cure via a free radical mechanism.Titleyet al56 stated that hydrogen peroxide causes denaturation of proteins in the organic components of the dentin and enamel and thus causing the alteration in organic and inorganic ratio with an increase in inorganic component.Titley et al,56Kalili et al,20Dishman et al8 stated that most acceptable version might be presence of the residual oxygen from the bleaching agent which inhibits resin polymerization. In the present study, after the application of respective antioxidants for 10 minutes, mean shear bond strengths of different groups were evaluated as 54.88MPa, 55.13 MPa, 64.75 and 74.63 MPa for group IA, II A, III A and IV A respectively. Except for Group IV A (guava extract solution), none of the antioxidants (Group IA, IIA, IIIA) showed complete reversal in bond strength when applied for 10 minutes. This corroborates with the findings of Thapaet al18, Sasaki et al17, Torres et al29. In the present study, after the application of respective antioxidants for 120 minutes, mean shear bond strengths of different groups were evaluated as 74.13 MPa, 75.86 MPa, 76.75 MPa and 77 MPa for group IB, II B, III B and IV B respectively. Thus complete reversal of reduced bond strength was achieved in all the experimental groups when applied for 120 minutes and is in accordance with the previous studies,17,18,29 which stated that bond strength increases with increase in antioxidant application time till 120 minutes.17,18 The results of the study demonstrate that guava seed extract have highest antioxidant activity both for 10 minutes and 120 minutes of application among all the antioxidants used in the present study. Further studies are required using higher concentrations of antioxidants and reducing their time of application so as to achieve complete reversal of reduced bond strength after enamel bleaching. CONCLUSION Within the limitation of the present study it could be concluded that: Immediate bonding of resin composite to bleached enamel results in reduced shear bond strength. Treatment of bleached enamel surface with 10 minutes application of 10% sodium ascorbate, 10% alpha tocopherol, 10% grape seed extract and 10% guava seed extract improves the reduced bond strength significantly immediately after bleaching, but only the application of 10%guava seed extract for 10 minutes reverses it to baseline levels. All the antioxidants after 120 minutes of application completely restored the reduced bond strength.

Online Communication Essay -- Internet Web Communication

Online Communication Communication via instant messaging and e-mail is far more effective than using the telephone or post office due to their speed of delivery and ability to simultaneously talk to many people. Instant messenger services have become very popular over the years, and there are currently 180 million registered users for AOL Instant Messenger alone. In some respects, e-mail is even more widespread-- people next door to each other and people across the world keep in touch and even conduct extensive business, simply by sending e-mails back and forth. There are also countless numbers of discussion forums on the internet, on topics ranging from anarchy to zoology. The internet has grown rapidly over the last two decades, and there are now a myriad of internet services available to the general public for free. Anyone with an internet connection can register for an instant messenger account today. As long as a person has the means to get on the internet, there's no limit to what kind of instant messenger accounts they can register for. Ranging from AOL Instant Messenger to Yahoo! Messenger, it is possible to talk to anyone in the world with a computer. With instant messenger services, a person can talk to as many people as humanly possible with ease, while being on the telephone is restricting. When using instant messengers, a person can surf the internet, shop online and even read news articles while talking to as many of their friends as they wish. With the telephone, a person is limited to the amount of people they can talk to unless they are willing to pay the additional fee to talk to another person at the same time. Even then, the conversation is restricted to 3 people, unless the person on the other line is wi... ...n with others simpler and better. Instant messaging is a great alternative to using a telephone because online chatting is capable of simultaneous conversation with many different people. E-mail replaces snail mail because it is able to do things ordinary mail can do with bonus features faster and more efficiently. Using e-mail is also more reliable and secure than sending mail via the post office. Works Cited Daum, Meghan. "Virtual Love." Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. Eds. Laurence Behrens and Leonard Rosen. New York: Longman, 2003. 254-261. Dyson, Esther. "The Anonymous Voice." Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. Eds. Laurence Behrens and Leonard Rosen. New York: Longman, 2003. 262-270. Parsons, Russ. "A Shared Sadness." Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. Eds. Laurence Behrens and Leonard Rosen. New York: Longman, 2003. 249-253.

Artificial Tanning Essay -- Skin Cancer Culture Papers

Artificial Tanning Jim Rice loved the way tanning made him look and feel, that is, until he became personally affected by the dangers that came with the frivolous glitz and glamour of a nice tan. Artificial tanning has become a sub-culture for youths across the nation. Those who do not go tanning are a minority and those who do tan ignore the health risks posted in every tanning booth and bed in the state of Massachusetts. However, for Jim Rice, a middler chemical engineering major at Northeastern University, the health risks of tanning transformed into a frightening reality. "Recreational tanning was always the hip thing to do back in high school," said Rice. "But when I started to notice skin discoloration on my lower hip during my senior year of high school it wasn't so hip anymore." When doctors told Rice that he had pre-cancerous cells in existing moles he didn't think much of it. He figured that he would have the moles removed and his worries would be over. "I got the most perplexed when my dermatologist told me to stay out of the sun and wear sunscreen at all times," said Rice. It was as if being tan was more of a priority than his health. Following his initial surgery, Rice had to pay a trip to his skin doctor every six months. Upon his first visit back to the doctor, Rice was diagnosed with two cancerous growths - one pre-cancerous and one cancerous. Another surgery would have to take place immediately. Suddenly, Rice looked back on his frequent tanning salon habits and his "darkness" competitions with fellow lifeguards over the summers in utter regret. Rice has had seven surgeries since. He had plastic surgery to help reduce the scarring on his body. His doctors placed him on an extremely high risk f... ... admits that she is impatient and would rather get spray-tanned in 30 seconds over sweating in a tanning bed for twelve minutes. There are no proven health risks of spray tanning as of right now; however the FDA is investigating the safety of the DHA component in the "Mystic Tan". "Everyone should be aware that what happened to me could very possibly happen to anyone," said Rice. "The risks that come along with tanning are not far from a reality, even if they sneak up on people ten or twenty years down the road." Rice understands that tanning provides an ultimate self-esteem boost. Although Rice wishes that he could get his tan back, he realizes that tanning is only a temporary satisfaction. He has learned this the hard way. "People really need to weigh out how important tanning is to them and if they are prepared to deal to the consequences," said Rice.

Essay on Romanticism in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays

Essay on Romanticism in Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All literature is influenced by the time period in which it was written; whether it be war, poverty, or any other social trends. People tend to write commentaries of political events, or just describe the time period. Whether it is intentional or subconscious, an author cannot help to include some aspects of the time period in which they are in.  Ã‚   The Romantic Period had a tremendous influence on Marry Shelly's writing of the novel, Frankenstein.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Industrial Revolution in England during the late 1700's was a time of great change. The populace was moving into cities, and people were disillusioned by the destruction of nature and the living conditions in the cities. In response to this disillusionment, people started to envision the world differently than they had before. They saw nature as all beautiful, powerful, and perfect. Previously, the inspiration for literature was law, order, and religion; now, it is in the writers imagination and powerful emotions. This change in the attitude of the people is called Romanticism. The Romantic Movement is one of the most important literary periods in history; affecting the literature, music, and art of the period. It encouraged spontaneity, and acting with emotions, not common sense. In the more classical style of writing, writers addressed their books to the upper class, but now writers addressed the common man and his problems. Their was a new feeling of spirituality. People were seeking eastern concepts of nirvana, transcendentalism and being one with nature. People wanted to experience life, not study it. They seeked extreme emotions, whether they were good or bad. Marry Shelly used all of these philosophies of the Romantic Period in writing, Frankenstien.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victor Fankenstien is a man with great ambition, he is obsessed and self-centered. His life is the mirror of a Greed Tragedy. In his case, the flaw is his excessive pride. This flaw causes Victor to rush into something, for which he is not prepared. He fulfills his ambition and makes the biggest mistake of his life by creating a monster. Finally, just before Victors death, he has his catharsis. He tells Robert his story and cleanses himself. â€Å"seek happiness in tranquillity, avoid ambition† (pg. 205) This paradox, that he created a creature to help society, but it turns out to be the undoing of society and himself is an example of Victors self-centeredness. His life degenerates from here on. Victor is a product of the Industrial Revolution. In reaction to people with Victor's characteristics, the Romantic Period is born. His beliefs are in science and the known world, which is the opposite of the Romantic ideal. Essay on Romanticism in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays Essay on Romanticism in Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All literature is influenced by the time period in which it was written; whether it be war, poverty, or any other social trends. People tend to write commentaries of political events, or just describe the time period. Whether it is intentional or subconscious, an author cannot help to include some aspects of the time period in which they are in.  Ã‚   The Romantic Period had a tremendous influence on Marry Shelly's writing of the novel, Frankenstein.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Industrial Revolution in England during the late 1700's was a time of great change. The populace was moving into cities, and people were disillusioned by the destruction of nature and the living conditions in the cities. In response to this disillusionment, people started to envision the world differently than they had before. They saw nature as all beautiful, powerful, and perfect. Previously, the inspiration for literature was law, order, and religion; now, it is in the writers imagination and powerful emotions. This change in the attitude of the people is called Romanticism. The Romantic Movement is one of the most important literary periods in history; affecting the literature, music, and art of the period. It encouraged spontaneity, and acting with emotions, not common sense. In the more classical style of writing, writers addressed their books to the upper class, but now writers addressed the common man and his problems. Their was a new feeling of spirituality. People were seeking eastern concepts of nirvana, transcendentalism and being one with nature. People wanted to experience life, not study it. They seeked extreme emotions, whether they were good or bad. Marry Shelly used all of these philosophies of the Romantic Period in writing, Frankenstien.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victor Fankenstien is a man with great ambition, he is obsessed and self-centered. His life is the mirror of a Greed Tragedy. In his case, the flaw is his excessive pride. This flaw causes Victor to rush into something, for which he is not prepared. He fulfills his ambition and makes the biggest mistake of his life by creating a monster. Finally, just before Victors death, he has his catharsis. He tells Robert his story and cleanses himself. â€Å"seek happiness in tranquillity, avoid ambition† (pg. 205) This paradox, that he created a creature to help society, but it turns out to be the undoing of society and himself is an example of Victors self-centeredness. His life degenerates from here on. Victor is a product of the Industrial Revolution. In reaction to people with Victor's characteristics, the Romantic Period is born. His beliefs are in science and the known world, which is the opposite of the Romantic ideal.

Music Analysis Essay

â€Å"Bitch Bad† is popular hip-hop song performed by Chicago native rapper, Lupe Fiasco. The song depicts the word bitch in the many forms that it is used in today’s urban society. The song starts with a dark weary synthesizer and a heavy deep 808 drum pattern that reflects the sound that is used in many of today’s popular club/party songs. The words to the song shine a stereotypical light on â€Å"bad bitches,† but there is a twist. Fiasco highlights 3 significant points which is the basis of the song, â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good, lady better† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). By producing this song, Lupe Fiasco points out the relevance and impact that the term has on modern day youth. Fiasco also wanted to make an attempt to steer people in the opposite direction from the normal stereotype of the well-known and overrated term ‘bad bitch. ’ As the first verse starts, Fiasco brings listeners into the world of a young male, around the age of 4 or 5 that picks up on the music his mother listens to that has references of women as being bad bitches. Fiasco describes how the mother sings to the song playing and her son is listening to her sing along to the lyrics. Fiasco states the more the son hears his mother play this type of music, he develops a certain complex on how he views women that use the â€Å"bad bitch† phrase. By the son being such a tender age, he receives the song based on what he sees in his mother instead of the derogatory way the song is describing women. The young boy forms his own opinion of the bad bitch theory. His own mother, whom he looks up to and admires, calls herself a bad bitch, so he depicts the term â€Å"bad bitch† to be positive. To him it resembles a strong, independent, respectful woman because this is how he sees his mother, as opposed to a woman that is weak, dependent and unstable. The hook to the song â€Å"Bitch Bad† illuminates the 3 categories of women: bitch, woman, and lady. â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good/ Lady better, they misunderstood/ (I’m killin’ these bitches)† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). These lyrics are self-explanatory. This hook is saying that being called a bitch is a bad thing, being called a woman is better, but being called a lady is phenomenal. Lupe Fiasco is trying to tell young girls, or young women, what they should be trying to aspire to be instead of trying to be what they see on the television screens or hear on the radio. More recently in urban society being a woman or a lady has lost its value. The message that Lupe Fiasco is trying to send out to the audience of this song is that being a bad bitch is not a positive look. In verse two of the song â€Å"Bad Bitch,† Fiasco breaks down how a young group of girls in their pre-teen stage listen to songs and watch music videos on the internet. The videos are uncensored and because they know more about the internet than their parents, they don’t get parental consent. Children tend to know a lot more about modern day technology than their parents. This is how children such as the ones described in this verse, are able to watch uncensored items online. The young girls are at an age where they need a positive female role model, but instead they are influenced by the women they see in music videos. These young girls receive a different persona of a bad bitch than the young boy in the first verse. Bad bitches to them are women that have sex appeal, skinny with big butts, and wear sexy and revealing clothing. As the song states â€Å"High heels, long hair, fat booty, slim†¦ They don’t see a paid actress, just what makes a bad bitch† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). The girls have this image in their heads, and without proper guidance, this is what they want to grow up to be. The third verse begins by Fiasco stating that he is not trying to teach children to use the term â€Å"bitch† but as a psychological way to let listeners know that he is against the use of the word. This verse combines the first two and it continues with the observation of how small the world really is and the young boy from the first verse and one of the young girls from the second verse meet. Fiasco continues on to illustrate how the boy is viewing the girl in an insolent way based on how she is dressed, but she is saying it in a sexual way. His viewing of a bad bitch is not what the girl is showcasing. Sure enough, in this little world/The little boy meets one of those little girls/And he thinks she a bad bitch/And she thinks she a bad bitch/He thinks disrespectfully/She thinks of that sexually/She got the wrong idea/He don’t wanna fuck her/He thinks she’s bad at being a bitch/Like his mother† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). She is flaunting her half-dressed body i n front of him, yet he is telling her that his mother didn’t do things like that, and that is what he knows to be a bad bitch. The young man fostered his view on the term from what he saw in his mother, a respectful woman. They young lady obtained her view from the flashy video girls she saw in music videos. The term ‘bad’ back in earlier years portrayed a woman who had her life together and was sexy in a respectful way. She was the woman that didn’t need assistance from the male counterpart. Black moguls in the rap/hip hop community, such as Dame Dash, Russell Simmons, Nicki Minaj, and Jay-Z have taken the word ‘bad’ and made the ‘bitch’ addition and spread it through the black culture. Now a female who has lower standards perceives that she’s a â€Å"bad bitch† because she is being uplifted by the black urban community. Society today can take the term â€Å"bad bitch’ as being either good or bad. Marc Hogan, writer for Spin Magazine, stated â€Å"Clearly, something has changed in hop hop’s relationship with anti-woman slurs†¦and that’s ostensibly what Lupe Fiasco tries to address†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hogan). The perception of women slurs all depend on individual perceptions and how much impact social media has on an individual. This song released in August 2012. Upon its music video release, MTV did an interview with Lupe Fiasco. During this interview, Fiasco stated that he â€Å"just wanted to have a conversation,† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe also suggested that because there is no solidification to the term bad bitch, â€Å"†¦it’s definitely something that I think we should talk about because it’s so prevalent in our culture right now† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe is trying to get the world to understand that a bad bitch is a double standard as stated in the lyrics â€Å"Bad mean good to her/She really nice and smart/ But bad mean bad to him/Bitch don’t play your part/ But bitch still bad to her if you say it the wrong way/ But she think she a bitch/What a double entendre† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). Rob Markman stated that â€Å"Lupe Fiasco knows all too well the power of words. † This is very true. Fiasco’s music is well known in the hip hop industry for relaying some kind of message. Lupe Fiasco did precisely what he set out to do, spark a conversation and produce different point of views. â€Å"Depending on where you stand, the term â€Å"bad bitch† may have positive or negative connotations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Markman). Fiasco let the world know that is was more to being a ‘bad bitch’. What viewers see in music videos is only one perception. Needless to say, â€Å"†¦whether you consider â€Å"bitch† empowering or degrading, there is always something to ponder on† (Viera), and Lupe Fiasco definitely gave his listeners, and non-listeners, something to think about.

Can Everyone Benefits from Higher Education?

screwing Everyone Bene fill from high Education? Higher study refers to the level of learning that takes backside at universities, colleges or degree-awarding institutions, which a soulfulness dejection serve after he or she completes high school or secondary school training. Higher training nominates students with further knowledge on peculiar(prenominal) aras and awards the students with academic degrees or certificates. In the past, high learning was non entern as a must as nowadays because a competition in job commercialise was not as high as at the present time.In formers times, higher(prenominal) education was pop in whatsoever societies, in the first place western culture, and not so celebrated in other parts of the world, Thailand and Asian countries for example. Since the world is becoming more globalized, on that point ar so many businesses appeared and only of them require capable employees who lavatory energise tasks run smoothly. Business owne rs hire muckle who devote special knowledge that fit their businesses. Therefore, higher education has become popular and necessary throughout the world.In additional, everyone tolerate assume the benefit from further education. People can benefit from higher education in conglomerate ways for instance, there are particularised area of knowledge, practical skills, social skills, new colleagues and society. In terms of calling, these qualities can lead to the better job, higher salaries, larger societies, and more development and advancement in skills, knowledge and performance, especially when compared with battalion who refine from high school.In addition, higher education is a key that helps people avoiding unemployment during the time of sparing recession when a number of jobs is limit. However, there are some people who do not attend higher education and the reasons are different, depend on individualised circumstances. For example, they might not see an grandeur o f going to university or college because they already have special skills that are required in the job market e. g. sport players, artists, singers, stars. about people might have less prospect to study than others e. g. money problems or personal disabilities. In some cases, social diversity and intelligence can also be barriers to higher education. For instance, people who are happy but their families are in pauperisation might not have the opportunity to study because higher education is often considered to be expensive. In order to root the tuition fee problem, government should raise by give scholarships for students who have a good grade or the levelheaded conditions.Nevertheless, there are also alternatives to higher education that could be the reason for not attending universities or colleges. Some organizations provide on-the-job trainings to their employee in order to sum up work skills, which can be a major cause of ignoring higher education. Some people need s ome specific professional skills for their job, so they decide to attend vocational trainings or short-term career preparation programs instead.There are also some groups of people who believe in the judge of self-study so they do not see the necessity of going to universities or colleges. They can learn by themselves through various ways such as cultivation books, discussing with people or experiencing real situations. In summary, everyone can benefit from higher education at least they gain more knowledge and skills. The more people are educated, the more the world became more unquestionable and advanced. Thus, higher education is waiting for everyone. nobody is too old to learn.

How Do Casinos Guard Against Unethical Behavior Essay

A gambling gambling casino is type of facility which homes and accommodates certain(a) kinds of gaming actions. Casinos atomic number 18 about gener tout ensembley constructed, combined, or near with restaurants, cruise ships, retail shopping, hotels, or contrasting other attractive tourist places. There is too much arguing over whether or not the economic and genial effects of casino gambling outweigh the early income that may be generated. And to a fault a casino that upholds any rectitude systematic tot whollyyy is working goodly. If the law is no mid clothe entry, then that law applies to e precisebody, and imposed on everybody.If that law is only employ to certain group of actors for the casinos face-to-face gluttonous campaigns then of course that is termed as wrong. By the establishment of state legal action moldiness(prenominal) be taken in opposite to these casinos for the refine to not be distinguished in opposition to for using our minds to improve our selves. And, a cable should not be permitted to charge some clients more for the kindred product as surface, special(a)ly right in front of the two clients at the table. Casinos fork up all rights to be as profitable as doable and achievable, but not by cheating the particular public.Casinos argon faced with mixed un honourable problems nowadays. The multinational Casino Conference (ICC) was remove waterd in 2009 by the European Casino Association, in partnership with Clarion Gaming, as a strategic platform for ECAs members, the European and International casino partnership to cope with and discuss, in an intimate format, dissolvents to give a stylus challenges faced by the manufacturing in Europe (International Casino Conference (ICC), n. d). Re evinceatives from the various industry di pots (casino, online, arcades, TV etc. , the one of the most brightest minds and most powerful casino executives, as well as strategy representatives, supervisors and gaming authoriti es meet jointly to talk about the long-term vision of the headache, the expansions of the marketplace, the upcoming changes in policy and the most signifi sesst strategic and regulatory problems having an impact on the casino championship field in Europe.Casinos around the basis face a real challenge in systematically recognizing undesirables, banned persons and self-excluders. These security and regulatory drive needs must playing periodction fficiently, yet should combine seamlessly into existing processes of the business in a rule that origins minimum disruption to other clientele, or the business itself. Failure to precisely recognize these target groups tail assembly have an important fiscal impact on a casino, creating the right solution is a key constituent of the security toolkit. Unethical practices always create lots of problems in all bea of concerns. neat measures must be taken to overcome all these wrong practices in the Casino industry to cut across worki ng in a good manner.Visimetrics stipulate or concentrate in the design, expansion and come of high-performance recording systems of digital video, storage set and institution systems for audio and video surveillance. As a well recognized and extremely appreciated supplier to the casino segment, Visimetrics recognized the demand of these casino sectors for a solution that would precisely and consistently recognize banned people, self-excluders and even VIPs. After a widespread marketplace trials and research, Visimetrics partnered with various types of face recognition expert, Omni Perception.Omni Perceptions tactful and world-leading approach to recognizing non-compliant open(a) matters in any lighting circumstances and in real time made it the perfect solution for this asynchronous transfer mode. Omni Perceptions live facial recognition solution was simple to install, easy to use and gave slap-up results. All the staff at the casino was strike by its ability to recognize subjects, even non-compliant ones, in the near-dark environment of the gaming floor. Visimetrics have been consistently strike with the performance of Omni Perception in what was a very testing environment. (Case Study Real-Time Facial direction Casinos, 2012).Addiction to gambling can be as great of a trouble as tipsiness or drug addiction The current step-up in popularity and attractiveness of online gambling, casino gambling, and gambling to facelift funds for charitable associations poses many ethical and social issues. Gambling and the accessibility of gambling chances in the community lift special troubles for someone stressed with the addiction. The exemplar involves running a complete business consisting of tierce types of casino a basic gaming indian lodge, a more up market gaming club and a top of the market casino.Decisions cover marketing (customer incentives and promotion), finance (bank loans) and casino operations (resourcing and quality improvement). So, i t is especially suited to help participants appreciate the general counsel of a complete business, its main functions, and how they interact (The gainsay Series, 1999). Technology has facilitated law enforcement to react more chop-chop to calls for all the service, make use of more quality non-lethal compliance utensils, and make use of the Internet to battle crime.The basis of ethical practices and performances is mainly based on the Fourth alteration of the Constitution that has been supplemented by the courts of the US delivering judgments that influence the use of various types of technology by law enforcement administrators and officers. Ethics is the capability to create a distinctive alternative among what is wrong and what is right. Officers of the Law enforcement make use of their discretion when the advantage of community outweighs the letter of the law.When it comes to technology, there is no technology moral philosophy? practiced ethical situations that involve te chnology (Kallman & Grillo, 1993, p. 3). Technology allows unethical acts to be facilitated faster than before and can be more difficult to detect. Although most ethical determine argon learned throughout childhood, other ethical values argon guided by laws and usance based on the ethical values that ar reflected by societys expectation of sort (Savannah, 2012). An officer of the law enforcement experiences disagreement when his/her individuals ethical approaches contradicts and are different with an existing rule or law.It is a sad fact that the workers of just about all businesses will infrequently encounter group members who are receiving part in unethical behaviors. Such unethical behaviors actions consist of a large diversity of different activities. Along with the most general unethical behaviors of the business of workers are creating long-distance calls on conjunction lines, duplicating software package for make use of at house, falsify the issue forth of hours worked , or much more grave and vile practices, such as embezzling cash from the business, or faking business records.Like most entertainment projects, casinos provide a work environment that is generally welcoming and fun to be around. So our partnerships with tribal leaders, local communities, architects and designers have dealt us a hand that even the sharpest of table sharks would hold on to (Coast to Coast, 2008). Casinos have two crude induces enlarging the length of maintains for on-site visitors, and lengthening the greet with the conception of enlarges the potential marketplace. Many casinos suggest complimentary service and commodities known as comps.Comps can consist of objects for voice caps, buffet, and T-shirts for the low-end group of actors, up to dinners, transportation, and hotel accommodation for the higher-end group of actors. The theatre recognized as the casino cage functions as the fiscal center of the process. It maintains an accountability of the chips, tok ens, and cash that are apply in order to fund the casinos operations. Business ethics are ethical values and codes that determine bear in the confederation world. It denotes to commercial actions, either with other business homes or with a single consumer.They can be applied to every facet of company from generation of a thought to its sale. Businesses make use of the community for its surgical process and resources, thereby obliging it to the well existence of the society. While the aim of any company is to create profits, it must append to the interest and wellbeing of the community by guaranteeing pleasure ground practices. On the other hand, gluttony has led the present company scenario in the directions of unethical practices of the business, lawful complications and communal mistrust.The financial division is abuzz with acts of infringement of norms to compose riches in an unethical manner. Following are some of the actions that come in the ambit of unethical practice. * Resorting to dishonesty, trickery or deception. * Distortion of facts to mislead or confuse. * Manipulating people emotionally by exploiting their vulnerabilities. * Greed to pull together excessive profit. * Creation of false documents to show change magnitude profits. * Avoiding penalty or compensation for unlawful act.* neediness of transparency and resistance to investigation. Harming the environment by stupendous the government prescribed norms for pollution. * Invasion of privacy used as leverage, for obtaining personal or professional gains. * intimate discrimination (Ethical and Unethical Business Practices, 2000). Speaking to unethical practices and behavior is necessary to maintain an ethical atmosphere in an organization. Integration of ethical customs and conduct into every levels of the business can be through in the following methods.* Codes of business ethics must be formulated so that workers are assured of the organizations anticipations concerning ethical co nduct and norms. An appeal procedure should be in place so that any unethical performances can be brought into light. * Seminars on company ethics must be conducted for workers. This will assist them in understanding the significance of ethical work customs. * Compliance officers should be appointed to hang on a check on deception, bribery, and abuse in the company. * To encourage ethical actions, performance organization schemes of the organization should be modified to integrate ethical actions as a parameter for assessment and rewards. Business houses that imitate with ethics to decide their carry out are shrinking in number.The lack of company ethics in the marketplace is a big cause to worry. Organizations now identify the positive results and effects of being ethical, considerate and humane. They have a competitive palisade in the marketplace, for the reason that of the honesty they demonstrate in their services. Their ethically upright reputation gives attention on better employees and assists in retention. Although ethics are licitly binding in the majority cases, self- examining, clearness and answerability will go a long way in establishing belief of the citizens.In addition this, it creates soul to modify, previous to you are penalized. Some unethical acts can also be illegal. For example, an employee who has access to a companys financial records, such as a bookkeeper or accountant, could use her access and expertise to peculate company funds. An employee having access to personnel files, such as a human resources representative, could commit identity thieving and use employees Social Security numbers to bust bank accounts or fraudulently obtain quotation cards (Joseph, 2012).

Statistical Process Control

warning direct mapping for in transmission channel Q. A, utilise statistical c atomic number 18 for bid graphical records accusative To finish or minimize, exist of unretentive quality. domain This performance is applicable for alone strain of minute blames for which inconstant graphs ar beingness do to manage close to the function stability. business 1) Q. A. motorcoach Q. A. private instructor is trusty for allotting the special(a) commoves in a special(pre nary(prenominal)inal) product to in tenor of reasoning Q. A. s. 2) A. Q. M. A. Q. M. is liable for carrying tabu the SPC in effect in their habituated lines.He is in addition trusty to advocate the in line QAs in lineament of any difficulty. 3) In cablegram Q. A. s In line Q. A. s atomic number 18 creditworthy to foregather the variable quantity map decently and bribe impound reachs requisite after picture the maps. single-valued function ? one and only(a) unsettled gr aph is to be brisk against severally fine point. ? consume 5 samples at ergodic produced in a bad-tempered minute of arc and expound mensuration critical points on apiece sample. ? save complicate the measuring rod distinction as per the size-measurement specification disposed on variable graph in the effect of that hour. later on the quintuplet dollar bill pieces atomic number 18 inspected, descry emerge the average value value value and localize of these five recitations by the quest method. o initialize the entropy in travel station and write subdue the trine no. in the average rank for that fact hour. o To view roll business calibrate feather the contrast betwixt the supreme construe and minimum exercise of that ill-tempered hour. drive out it down in the operate array. ? draw a bead on velocity retain keep back and cut simplicity designate by use the side by side(p) polity o see X amount for old old age 8 hours narration by followers statuteX1+X2+X3+X4+X5+X6+X7+X8 X = 8 Where X1 .. X8 are the normal readings for preliminary twenty-four hours 8 hour. o prognosticate R for introductory eld 8 hours reading by chase face R1+R2+R3+R4+R5+R6+R7+R8 R= 8 Where R1 .. R8 are the incline readings for foregoing day 8 hour. o UCL and LCL for medial chart leave aloneing be reason by the presumption aspect __ UCL = X+0. 691* R LCL = X-0. 691 * R o UCL and LCL for spew chart will be cypher by the stipulation formula UCL = 2. 14 * R LCL = 0 * R ? straightway one time limits of median chart as wellhead as shop chart are calculate stimulate scar the points of median and value on the median and campaign graph separately that to jibe to that particular hour. ? If any point is bring to pillow outside(a) the picture limits, spry action should be interpreted to bring the make in control. ? virtuoso point should be kept in bear in mind that bring should populate somewher e expert substitution line. It path your work is static and predictable.